Huck Finn the Racist Essay - 1336 Words

When taking a look at Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn, racism is a large theme that seems to be reoccurring. What some may think to be racism in Twains words, can also be explained as, good story telling appropriate to the era the story takes place in. Twain himself has been suggested as a racist based on the fact that he uses the word nigger in his book. However, Twain was an avid abolitionist. For those who claim that Twain was a racist must have only been looking out for themselves and not those who are willing to learn about the past whether it be ugly or perfect. Racism was and forever will be a dark part of the American past, and no one can change that, no matter how many books one may alter. In this book a number of dialects†¦show more content†¦The main focus is to replace the 219 times the word nigger is used with slave. One would doubt that Twain would input the N-word into his book without having a good reason to do so. At the time of writing this book, the Civil War was over and the general thought was that slavery and racism was over. The thought then leads to the fact that Twain wanted to make a point of letting readers know that, just because you have abolished slavery does not mean that the racism and bigotry has gone with it. The repel of slavery made no difference to the racism card, and he wanted his Northern readers to know it. When the argument of replacing the word nigger with slave one sees the issue with that. The issue being that nigger in that time meant African-American, not necessarily a slave. So looking at a high school or college student in the future reading Huckleberry Finn for the first time and reading is with the word slave the story loses its effect on the reader. It does not give a sense of the time, it would only give a vibe that something is not right in the story. When reading this story for the first time, one must have an open mind and not pay attention to little things like racism in this book. The main plot is not, lets raft down a river and see how racist we can be. As one reads the story flows, and part of that flow is to allow discrepancy in racial slurs. It is okay to have theShow MoreRelatedHuck Finn: Racist or Not Racist?760 Words   |  4 Pagesin his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The character of Jim is demeaning to African-Americans as he is portrayed as a foolish, uneducated, black slave. The â€Å"n† word is also used in the book describing him and many other African-American characters in the story. However, some see this book as anti-racist and believe that the use of racist’s comments is not racist at all. Those who think that are mistaken becaus e Huck Finn in clearly a racist novel. The most obvious piece of evidenceRead More Huckleberry Finn ( Huck Finn ) - Racism Essay572 Words   |  3 PagesHuck Finn Racism Is Huck Finn A Racist Book? Ever since its publication over a hundred years ago, controversy has swarmed around one of Mark Twain’s most popular novels, Huck Finn. Even then, many educators supported its dismissal from school libraries. For post Civil-War Americans, the argument stemmed from Twain’s use of spelling errors, poor grammar, and curse words. In the politically correct 1990’s however, the point of argument has now shifted to one of the major themes of the book:Read MoreEssay on The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is Not a Racist Book578 Words   |  3 PagesHuckleberry Finn Racist or Not? The book Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not a racist book. The main arguments against it are the characters’ personalities and the dialect they used. This book is criticized by Twain critics and on the top ten ban list for school reading material. If people just concentrated on the main plot of the story, instead of the fine details that makes the novel realistic, they would agree th at the accusation of this novel being racist is ridiculous. Huck Finn was abusedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 1310 Words   |  6 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been a topic of debate for a long time. The most heated topic of debate is if the novel is racist and if it should then be included in school curriculum whether. Many believe this book should be taken out of school curriculum for being racist. Huckleberry FInn should be taught in schools because of its satire, views on slavery and morals, and depiction of antebellum America. Huck Finn still remains a classic Twain s use of satire is one of the many thingsRead MoreMark Twain s The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn1216 Words   |  5 Pages English 2 Honors/Pd. 8 5 June 2015 Is Mark Twain Racist? Alveda King once stated, â€Å"Racism springs from the lie that certain human beings are less than fully human.† Mark Twain supports this belief when he composed his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In the aftermath of the American Civil War, the institution of slavery and American Southern culture was not well understood internationally. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn conveys Southern culture and the social attitudes towardRead More Prejudice and Racism in Huckleberry Finn Essay1265 Words   |  6 PagesHuckleberry Finn: The Immorality of Racism A majority of people in American society believe that school systems must teach children that racism is morally wrong. Often, however, tension has builds over how to teach this important lesson. Unfortunately, a controversy has built over the teaching of Huckleberry Finn. Although some believe that Mark Twains novel perpetuates racist feelings, in fact Twain uses the characters to demonstrate the immorality of slavery. Miss Watson and PapRead MoreHuckleberry Finn and the use of Satire Essay1109 Words   |  5 Pages Huck Finn and the use of Satire Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been controversial ever since its release in 1884. It has been called everything from the root of modern American literature to a piece of racist trash. Many scholars have argued about Huck Finn being prejudiced. In The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, Mark Twain uses satire to mock many different aspects of the modern world. Despite the fact that many critics have accused Mark Twain’s novel of promoting racismRead MoreEssay about Huckleberry Finn is Not a Racist Work1519 Words   |  7 PagesHuckleberry Finn is Not a Racist Work â€Å"All modern literature comes from one book by Mark Twain called Huckleberry Finn,† this is what fellow writer had to say about this classic novel. Still, this novel has been the object of controversy since it was published more than 150 years ago. Some people argue that Huckleberry Finn is a racist work, and that the novel has no place in a highschool classroom. This feeling is generated because a main character in the story, Jim, and other slavesRead More Huck Finn: The Twisting Tides Of Portrayal - Racism Essay731 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In recent years, there has been increasing discussion of the seemingly racist ideas expressed by Mark Twain in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In some cases, the novel has been banned by public school systems and even censored by public libraries. Along with the excessive use of the word, â€Å"nigger,† the basis for this blatant censorship has been the portrayal of one of the main characters in Hu ck Finn, Jim, a black slave who runs away from his owner, Miss Watson. At several points inRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain830 Words   |  3 Pagesof Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is â€Å"A Great American Novel†, because of its complexity and richness. Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck, a white boy, plays

The Virtue Of Forgetting Of The Digital Age - Viktor Mayer...

Delete The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age - Viktor Mayer-Schonberger Chapter one is entitled â€Å" Failing to Forget the Drunken Pirate.† This chapter starts off giving examples of real people that have professional jobs that posted something online that later on came back and ruined their lives in some way. One person was a woman by the name of Stacey Snyder who was a 25 year old aspiring teacher. After completing all the coursework needed to become an educator, university officials denied her of her certificate because of a picture that she posted on her private Myspace account. The picture was captioned â€Å"drunken pirate† and she was holding a red cup, the university officials claimed her behavior was â€Å"unbecoming.† Although her page was private, it was still easy for the officials to find this one image that ruined Stacey’s career. In this chapter it is stressed how easy it is to find information on anyone. Google actually keeps individual records of people s search history, web pages browsed, and keywords that they often search. Google used to keep these records forever, but as of recently that changed and they are only kept for a short period of time. Also in this chapter it is stated that there is no more privacy. Cell phones have GPS receivers which allows our location to be tracked all day everyday. Because of this you can now even track someone through GPS from a photo they’ve take. In chapter two â€Å"Importance of Remembering†, The main points that SchonbergerShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Social Media Upon Self Esteem2506 Words   |  11 Pagesavailable on the Internet also adds another layer of social pressures. Because of digitization, the Internet has a perfect memory; when something is posted online, it remains in cyberspace, easily accessible by almost anyone with Internet access (Mayer-Schonberger, 2009). This means that we can easily recall any past mistakes, embarrassing moments, or posts that did not receive a significant amount of positive feedback. By combining all of these factors, the social media scene has effectively created

Cold War Ethical Reflection Free Essays

Reflection of the Cold War The Cold War, from 1945 to 1991, is one of the most important periods of time that has greatly influenced and shaped the modern world. It was not just a battle between two super powers, the USA and the Soviet Union, but also a clash of two really popular ideologies during that time. There was the American claim of fighting for freedom and democracy and the Soviet claims of fighting for the interests of the workers and the common people. We will write a custom essay sample on Cold War Ethical Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now in theory, these ideologies seemed ethical, but throughout this period, both countries’ actions severely opposed the ideologies they represented on numerous occasions. Some say it all came down to a competition of achieving the most power and influence and just using what they’re supposed to represent as a disguise to hide the true intention of their actions. Now this is partly true and in this reflection I will explain the cynicism caused by both superpowers and decide which one actually represented a greater evil. Let’s start with Soviet Union. They were communist and actually held true to these values inside their own country but did use brutal force to destroy anyone who opposed their totalitarian rule and this often led to many deaths. Even though life under Soviet Union had its ups and downs, it is the actions that they did in other countries which really gave them a negative image especially in the west, throughout most of the cold war. One of the first atrocious acts they committed was the Berlin Blockade which was an attempt to exercise their power over East Berlin. They blocked the country from receiving necessary supplies and instead of helping the workers and installing communism, they were oppressing them and this was a major event that deteriorated their image, and they even did this again with the construction of the Berlin Wall. The same thing happened in Czechoslovakia. Although they were supporting Communism in the country, they were not representing the interests of the common people. Most wanted freedom but the Soviets just rolled in their tanks to stop this from happening, first in 1948 by arranging a coup to put the unpopular communist party in power, and then they rolled in the tanks again in the Prague Spring but this time were unsuccessful in stopping the uprising. The Soviets had a habit of undermining eastern European countries through force and keeping them in the Iron Curtain which later led to popular distaste of their regime like in the Polish solidarity Movement. But you could argue that they even though they used brute force to install communism, they were in general, supporting their ideologies. Also whenever there was a communist uprising in any foreign country, they would almost always support it either politically, or by supplying arms and finance. They did this for ideological reasons usually because part of the Marxist theory is that communism is inevitable, so it was their duty to help a communist regime in trouble. They did exactly this by supporting the communist party in the Greek Civil War who were being violently oppressed by the other side (Irony) and there actually was a big social class division in Greece at the time and many people wanted communism as a solution so the soviets justly supported the movement even though it failed. They did this again in the Korean War, and the first Indo China War whose situations were pretty similar. But their greatest success was in the Chinese Civil War and when the Communists won, it drastically strengthened Soviet Russia’s Ideologies. Now let’s talk about USA. They stood for freedom and democracy and were really against the communist ideology. But throughout most of the cold war, it is impossible to depict USA as a good influence. The Marshal Plan although was one of the greatest actions USA had taken and they gave about 13 million dollars in aid to the war devastated countries in order to help them rebuild. Some might argue that they only did this to improve their trade business with these countries and to help form NATO in order to compete with the Soviets and this is partially true. Other things they did which showed they actually stood up for democracy was supporting the democratic revolutions in the Korean War, Polish Solidarity Movement, and the Velvet Revolution. They not only did they do this for freedom, but also to stop the authoritarian spread of Communism which they deemed highly undemocratic and even propagandized it as evil especially during the Berlin Airlift which is one of the most famous benevolent event that the USA orchestrated. But those were the only freedom fighting they took. Everything else they did was highly undemocratic. USA has a tendency to overthrow foreign government if they don’t please their interests. Their first major anti-freedom action was overthrowing the democratically elected government of Iran simply because the new leader decided to nationalize the oil for benefit of the Iranian People. Then they did the exact same thing in Guatemala because the interests of their fruit companies were in danger. All of these overthrows were done through US backed coups and the School of America played a key role in this, especially in Latin America. This Superpower has caused so much devastation in Latin America through that school that it was unbelievable. They would train agents in that school to do the most brutal actions necessary to â€Å"stop communism†. The US backed coups in Chile, Argentina, and Brazil, along with supporting the PRI in Mexico brought years of terror in those countries that still affect them today. All of this happened only because the elected leaders had some socialist tendencies and that was all the excuse USA needed. So much for freedom and democracy. They even illegally and secretly invaded Cuba (tried to) and Grenada and brought more horror to those places especially to Grenada whose economy was completely destroyed for a while. They used massive propaganda justify all their illegal actions especially in Vietnam which was their biggest mistake. Three million Vietnamese (mostly Civilians) died in this pointless war to stop the spread of Communism. They were so many opportunities to negotiate a peace treaty but this Superpower was too intent on dragging it on for twenty years. So many innocents were slaughtered especially during the Cambodian Genocide which was also caused by USA that lies about this war reached American citizens who then protested to stop the war, especially after the coverage of the My Lai Massacre where US soldiers killed over 300 innocent men, women, and children. The country was so anti-communist at one point that the freedom of expression of the people was destroyed during the McCarthy witch-hunt. Anyone who was associated with communism or had communist tendencies was unjustly prosecuted and this lasted for a whole six years from 1950 to 1956. It was of the greatest tragedies In US history because it greatly destroyed the image of freedom usually associated with the country. The feeling of cynicism towards both Superpowers was definitely justified because both had committed multiple atrocious acts during the cold war, but USA is still definitely in my opinion the greater of the two evils. Even thought the Soviet Union was brutally authoritarian in many cases, they still stayed true in general in their claims about supporting communism and never once did anything anti-communist. They supported multiple communist struggles across the world economically and militarily, some of these actions were morally justified and others weren’t. The USA on the other hand had overthrown so many democratically elected governments for the most unethical reasons ever that it is hard for me to associate freedom with USA. The Soviets at least kept true to their claims (brutal as they were) but the same cannot be said for the other Superpower. They did considerably a so many undemocratic and anti-freedom actions which massively deteriorated their claims in my opinion. They only positively influenced Europe but devastated the rest of the world especially Latin America who were pretty much set back a couple of decades thanks to USA’s actions. This country was involved in multiple illegal conflicts that opposed their claims and led to the senseless deaths of millions of people around the world and many more were negatively affected by these actions, especially economically. As much devastation both countries caused to the world, USA defiantly represented a greater evil in the cold war. By: Afzal Manzoor How to cite Cold War Ethical Reflection, Essay examples

Australian Current Policy on Renewable Energy †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Australian Current Policy on Renewable Energy. Answer: Introduction The renewable energy policy plays an increasingly pivotal role as Australia grapples with the appropriate strategy of climate change as well as increasing penetration in renewables. The renewable energy policy environment in the recent years has turned out to be highly politicized and uncertain. The industrial implications are also significant, and the current Australian policy on renewable energy has been taken through a period of rapid changes. Currently, there is increasing concern on reduction of various interventions by the government, sectoral efficiency and having least cost solutions incentivized since the review of the 2013 renewable energy policy (Buckman Diesendorf 2010, p.56). The priorities of government and the political parties as well as polarity in perspectives have been caused by significant policy uncertainty, policy responses and increased politicization of the climate change. The existing consensus, however, maintains that there are inefficiencies in the Austral ian renewables and the energy sector. The purpose of this paper is to carry out an examination of the key policy measures on renewable energy as well as their impact on the industry's future. The single largest sector contribution in Australia is realized from the electric power generation that produces 33% of the countrys greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions). From the year 2012 to 2013, fossil fuels approximately provide 87% of Australia's electricity compared to 13% realized from the renewable sources (Elliston, Diesendorf MacGill 2012, p. 89). As a result of reduced demand for electricity in the National Electricity Market (NEM) of Australia and variations in the generation mix, there has been approximately a 4% decrease in electric power emissions from 2012-2013 to 2013-2014. Generation of renewable energy is predominantly hydro though solar and wind has also been on the rise. Various environmental factors have mostly caused variation in the hydro generation while a slow-down in the deployment of the renewables has led to the increased production of the black coal generators. The successive Australian governments have been encouraged to transition away from the f ossil fuel based generation by increasing domestic and international concerns related to GHG emissions. The current Australian renewable energy policy The dramatic changes in renewable energy policy environment have been caused by a change of the Australias federal government. Uncertainty has characterized the policy environment with strategic priorities differing from one political party to the other and even within the ideologies of the same parties (Byrnes et al. 2013, p.123). On both sides of politics, political uncertainty over leadership at the federal level implies that a broader risk is a consequence of internal party priorities. The focus of the new renewable energy policy environment is on the reduction of costs of electricity, least cost energy production, ensuring the development of the extractive industries in Australia such as gas sector is enhanced and allocative efficiency is realized. The energy policy goals of the Australian government, as well as its political ideologies, have been set out in a new Energy White Paper (Byrnes et al. 2013, p. 101). The White Paper concentrates on the themes of the temporary Energy Green Paper like reduction of pressure on the energy expenses for businesses and households. It also looks into the improvement of international competitiveness, increased exports and removal of interventions which are considered inappropriate and bars business innovation and competition. The focus of the White Paper is on the themes of consumer cost reduction by increased competition, facilitation of resource development and innovation through investment and improved productivity in the use of energy (Yu Halog 2015, p.141). As a result of productive investment and market operation, the energy mix of Australia will grow in diversity over time. Cost reflective tariff pricing enhances reduction of network investment driven by the peak loads and related expenses as well as increased demand management. Uniform or regulated tariffs are predominantly used in Australia (Byrnes et al. 2013, p.146). Despite the associated benefits in the approach relating to reduced pressure on network investment and reduced cross-subsidies, it is apparent that there is limited recognition of the capacity for issues touching on equity. It is also arguable that the function of the non-monetary signals for the behavior of electricity demand for some of the users. The users of rural electricity benefiting from subsidized electricity resulting from the high cost of local supply are likely to face vulnerability to the policies of cost-reflective tariffs. Direct policy discussion related to renewable energy has been relatively minimal over an extended period. The focus of the policy is in large part on ensuring that a (reduced) target of renewables is kept and the Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) and Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) are abolished. The roles of these government agencies include facilitation of access to finance and commercialization of the technologies of renewable energy (Head et al. 2014, p.66). Despite emissions abatement being a priority, internalizing externalities of the environment which include emissions generated from the fossil fuels is not prioritized. Nevertheless, the low emission technologies have a policy support especially coal which undergoes carbon capture and storage. The policy environment set up by the government intends to be neutral technologically because given the insights into the needs of the market; the industry best makes decisions regarding investment on the assets which a re to be generated in the future including the technological choice. The view that price signals are diluted, competition shielded and energy markets distorted is reflected by the focus on the provision of subsidies and removal of regulatory barriers (Sims, Rogner Gregory 2003, p.134). The market regulations and interventions should not stifle competition and consumer choice but should instead highly encourage such aspects, and cost-benefit analysis is a primary requirement needed for such regulations. Definition of investment outcomes is driven by the inherent focus on the use of the competitive energy markets. The greater focus on the policy appears to be in the gas industry development, export of energy such as uranium, gas and coal and driving competitiveness. The table below shows the various changes to key policies which exist, impacting the occurrence of renewables since 2013 and the focus are on the examination of the policies' roles and implications (Council 2014, p.75). Table 1: Key policies on renewable energy and their status Policy instrument Does it exist? The comments Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) Yes The recent policy initiative of ERF is designed to encourage the abatement of least cost investment. Nevertheless, it is not likely to have direct support for the renewable sector. Carbon pricing scheme (Operative 2011-2014) No In 2014, the plan was repealed, and in the short term, the price of carbon is unlikely. ARENA Yes ARENA's future is uncertain. There is the commitment by the Federal government for its closure although the Senate has prevented this step. The government will honor the existing funding obligations if it is closed. CEFC Yes CEFC's future is also uncertain. The Federal government has shown its commitment to close it, but the Senate has prevented this initiative. The government will have to honor the financial obligations it is closed. Renewable Energy Target (RET) Yes The Renewable Energy Target in 2015 from 41,000-gigawatt hours by 2020 to 33,000-gigawatt hours in 2020. The biannual reviews were also targeted for removal. Electricity Tariffs Yes Although electricity tariffs vary significantly between Territories and States, FiTs still exist in Australia. The agenda includes the tariff reform. The Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) The Federal governments key climate policy include ERF worth $AU 2.55 billion (Clarke, Fraser Waschik 2014, p.197). Its aim is the reduction of organization and households GHG emissions by use of positive incentives through an auction process that is considered silent. The government has imposed a maximum bid price that remains undisclosed, and any project will not be paid for if it goes above the set bid price. It is also committed to buying 80% of the emissions volume falling below the maximum bid price for every auction (Regulator 2015, p.176). The carbon credits are paid at the bid price if the process is successful at the auction. The selection of successful projects is solely based on the lowest bidder. This policy looks into directing strategies of reducing emissions to the least cost projects and favoring minimal incremental variations such as forestry and light replacement in industrial buildings over projects that are more capital intensive (Walsh, Russell-Smith Cowley 20 14, p.131). The core objective of this policy is to aid Australia in meeting its target of emission reduction of 5% below 2000 levels by the year 2020 through a scheme which ensures cheapest methods of emissions reduction thus increasing productivity and reducing costs (Byrnes Brown 2015, p.202). ERF covers a non-exhaustive list of projects including: Improvement of agricultural soils. Reduction of waste coal mine gas. Revegetation and reforestation. Capturing the landfill gas. Improvements in the efficiency of energy. Use of technological development to reduce electricity generator emissions. Since ERF is a new policy in Australia, it is not easy to carry out an assessment of the impact it has on the renewable sector. Nevertheless, it is unlikely to be favorable to the deployment of renewables given its focus and objectives on the efficiency of energy and the capture and storage of emissions (Byrnes Brown 2015, p.199). A significant support to the existing operations is provided by the scheme though it does little as far as support of new households and businesses without emissions track record to abate is concerned. Carbon pricing The previous labor government introduced the carbon pricing scheme to help in internalizing the costs of carbon for the primary polluters. The fact that carbon pricing was removed in 2014 after some negotiations is one of the major election scorecards for the current regime (Fahimnia et al. 2013, p.214). As a result, carbon price no longer exists in Australia unless the price is provided by the ERF. However, forming part of the scheme were other measures which include CEFC and ARENA, and they have not yet been removed. Some parts of Australian electorate have exhibited hostility to pricing carbon meaning that the absence of global agreement, political leadership, tax or a carbon trading scheme have largely contributed to such behaviors. The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) The role of ARENA is fundamental to improve the increased supply of renewable energy and the competitiveness of renewables (Sioshansi 2011, p.104). It is technology impious and focused on the erosion of commercialization and technological barriers and sharing of knowledge. The senate has thwarted the attempts by the Australian government to close ARENA. The agency has continued to assess and fund projects despite its pending demise. At the time of its repeal, the government has committed honoring the funds which are allocated by ARENA. ARENA carries out an enabling function for initiatives and projects faced with commercialization and technical challenges that hinder market support (Simpson Clifton 2014, p.188). Its focus is more on commercialization of technology rather than the approaches which are utilized. Some projects especially in the remote communities are however faced with multifaceted and complex commercialization changes and may not easily match the remit of ARENA. The kind of risk that surrounds the future of ARENA is not conducive to the deployment of renewables. The project development is resource and time intensive. The incentive for resource and time allocation is most likely to lead to the reduction of particular uncertainty concerning the future of ARENA. The Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) The CEFC is a financier getting its funds from the government to aid in overcoming the funding challenges which are associated with the development of clean energy including technologies on low emissions and renewable energy. Its focus is on the provision of funds at a concessional rate for projects on clean energy with a positive rate of return. The concession highly relies on the benefits that do not emanate from within provided by the project and can be in the form of longer duration, reduced costs and higher rate of risk (Hua, Oliphant Hu 2016, p.45). The Senate has barred the commitment by the Australian government to ensure CEFC is closed. The reason for the closure of CEFC comes into sight to provide a reflection on the perception that the government is not to provide funds if the profile of the project risk is unacceptable to the private sector. The CEO of CEFC asserted that the willingness of private financier to take part in the Australian market had been reduced by the uncertain and complex policy environment (Martin Rice 2015, p.97). Therefore, the CEFCs role is critical due to this policy environment. The availability of finance is restricted by the tendency to focus on established businesses and the requirement for concessional market returns in an attempt to take charge of the profile of credit risk. The large projects with lower transaction costs have high capacity to attract finance from the CEFC specifically those that involve more established businesses. The organizations which are less established with limited acc ess to funding like smaller projects, small businesses or community groups may not be included (Hua, Oliphant Hu 2016, p.49). Lack of products standardization, high costs of transactions, perceived risks of investment, locational challenges, inability to acquire co-finance or complexity related to the alignment of stakeholders are some of the causes for their exclusion. The Renewable Energy Target (RET) The aim of RET is the reduction of GHG emissions from the generation of electricity through the provision of certificates for generation of renewable energy (Cludius, Forrest MacGill 2014, p.55). The large systems are given proper documentation based on the generated MWh while the small systems which are less than 100 kW are provided with upfront payments. The electricity retailers who are liable entities have to make purchases of a given number of certificates. This policy is significant as it has played a key function in the facilitation of the deployment of renewables and reduction of emissions in Australia. RET was reviewed in 2014 by the federal government (Panel 2014, p.133) signaling its intention to have the target reduced and it was concluded that: Given the availability of abatement alternatives for lower cost emission, the cost to the community of the RET has shot up. RET is funded via a cross-subsidy by the consumers, electricity retailers and incumbent generators. The impact of RET on the prices of electricity is small. Approximately $13 billion of the large-scale generation which is not required will be developed given the changes in the electricity environment. RET provides investment incentive in the production of renewable energy which is not essential in meeting demand and not viable without subsidy by RET. The Federal government is committed to enabling the reduction of RET and initially set targets of 26,000 GWh following the review of the RET. At the period RET of 41,000 GWh of generation of renewable energy by 2020 was being written was reduced to approximately 33,000 GWh in 2015 (Stock 2015, p.111). This is a clear reflection of the contractual amount between the two key players resulting from the protracted negotiations. Moreover, there has been considerable confusion surrounding the involvement of wood waste as a source of renewables and trade exemptions exposed in industries from the RET. RET has played a crucial role in the facilitation of the deployment of the renewables in Australia. If the reduced RET target is made efficient, it will assist in the reduction of uncertainty through the provision of a floor target which is not likely to go down in the near future (Martin Rice 2012, p.162). Significant reduction in the investment in the renewable energy especially for the large-scale systems has been caused by the uncertainty that surrounds the RET. Tariff policies and Feed in Tariffs (FiTs) The Territory and the State have the responsibility of implementing the tariff policies. The FiTs of the household have entirely gone down across all the States and Territories and are currently low. As a result of information asymmetry regarding the impacts of network and capacity of offsetting the wholesale price (Oliva, MacGill Passey 2014, p.152), there is uncertainty in the value of household PV that is under exportation to the grid. The regional DNSP in Western Australia came up with a scheme with FiTs to a tune of $0.50/kWh (Byrnes et al. 2016: 210) for the encouragement of the deployment particularly in the off-grid diesel networks although as a result of a range of non-monetary and monetary barriers, there has been limited success. The rationales behind reductions in FiT are twofold. First of all the household solar PV in the urban areas is relatively cost competitive. Secondly, the declining revenue and the cost of network adaptation covering similar asset base leads to an impact in distribution throughout the network specifically for those who do not have solar (Martin Rice 2013, p.71). The use of uniform tariff policies in Australia has significant impacts in distribution specifically in some regions where the cost of supply is estimated to be much higher than the rates of tariffs (Chapman, McLellan Tezuka 2016, p.124). Distribution businesses, retail, and governments need to take into consideration the tariff policy to show the changing nature of the electricity networks. Conclusion The renewable energy sector in Australia has faced a lot of uncertainty and several significant policy changes. The potential for utilization of renewable technologies and storage to optimize the operation of the network is significant as penetration of distributed generation increases. A good policy should proactively address the resultant opportunities and not respond reactively to the challenges that may arise where there is the use of inappropriate policy (McHenry 2009, p.164). As the technology matures over time, flexibility to adapt to the technological changes, payments in capacity and payments in lump sum of the operating subsidies for solutions that are innovative in some areas will become more significant. Primary barriers to deployment, enabling rules and regulations, firm support and institutional frameworks developed for the industry dealing with fossil fuel have been identified through analysis of the renewable energy policy environment and the economic theory. The just ification for intervention by the government to support the renewable energy sector and improvement of the general economic efficiency resulted from this context. The energy policy's central tenet appears to rely on the market mechanisms for competitive determination of supporting extractive industries in particular in the export markets and optimum generation mix. As a requirement for integration into the future energy mix, it implies that the market will efficiently develop innovative solutions and direct enough resources. References Buckman, G. and Diesendorf, M., 2010. Design limitations in Australian renewable electricity policies. Energy Policy, 38(7), pp.3365-3376. Byrnes, L. and Brown, C., 2015. Australias renewable energy policy: the case for intervention. Byrnes, L., Brown, C., Foster, J., and Wagner, L.D., 2013. Australian renewable energy policy: Barriers and challenges. Renewable Energy, 60, pp.711-721. Byrnes, L., Brown, C., Wagner, L., and Foster, J., 2016. Reviewing the viability of renewable energy in community electrification: The case of remote Western Australian communities. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 59, pp.470-481. Chapman, A.J., McLellan, B. and Tezuka, T., 2016. Residential solar PV policy: An analysis of impacts, successes, and failures in the Australian case. Renewable Energy, 86, pp.1265-1279. Clarke, H., Fraser, I., and Waschik, R.G., 2014. How much abatement will Australia's emissions reduction fund buy?.Economic Papers: A journal of appliedeconomics and policy, 33(4), pp.315-326. Cludius, J., Forrest, S. and MacGill, I., 2014. Distributional effects of the Australian Renewable Energy Target (RET) through wholesale and retail electricity price impacts. Energy Policy, 71, pp.40-51. Council, C., 2014. The Australian Renewable Energy Race: Which States Are Winning or Losing. Climate Council of Australia Limited, 47p. Elliston, B., Diesendorf, M. and MacGill, I., 2012. Simulations of scenarios with 100% renewable electricity in the Australian National Electricity Market. Energy Policy, 45, pp.606-613. Fahimnia, B., Reisi, M., Paksoy, T. and zceylan, E., 2013. The implications of carbon pricing in Australia: An industrial logistics planning case study. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 18, pp.78-85. Head, L., Adams, M., McGregor, H.V. and Toole, S., 2014. Climate change and Australia. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change, 5(2), pp.175-197. Hua, Y., Oliphant, M. and Hu, E.J., 2016. Development of renewable energy in Australia and China: A comparison of policies and status. Renewable Energy, 85, pp.1044-1051. Martin, N. and Rice, J., 2013. The solar photovoltaic feed-in tariff scheme in New South Wales, Australia. Energy policy, 61, pp.697-706. Martin, N. and Rice, J., 2015. Improving Australia's renewable energy project policy and planning: A multiple stakeholder analysis. Energy Policy, 84, pp.128-141. Martin, N.J. and Rice, J.L., 2012. Developing renewable energy supply in Queensland, Australia: A study of the barriers, targets, policies, and actions. Renewable Energy, 44, pp.119-127. McHenry, M.P., 2009. Agricultural bio-char production, renewable energy generation and farm carbon sequestration in Western Australia: Certainty, uncertainty, and risk. Agriculture, Ecosystems Environment, 129(1), pp.1-7. Oliva, S., MacGill, I. and Passey, R., 2014. Estimating the net societal value of distributed household PV systems. Solar Energy, 100, pp.9-22. Panel, E., 2014. Renewable Energy Target Scheme: Report of the Expert Panel. edited by, D. Warburton (Chair). Commonwealth of Australia. Regulator, C.E., 2015. Emissions reduction fund: auction guidelines. Available at: cleanenergyregulator. gov. au, p.2. Simpson, G. and Clifton, J., 2014. Picking winners and policy uncertainty: Stakeholder perceptions of Australia's Renewable Energy Target. Renewable Energy, 67, pp.128-135. Sims, R.E., Rogner, H.H. and Gregory, K., 2003. Carbon emission and mitigation cost comparisons between fossil fuel, nuclear and renewable energy resources for electricity generation. Energy policy, 31(13), pp.1315-1326. Sioshansi, F.P. ed., 2011. Smart grid: integrating renewable, distributed and efficient energy. Academic Press. Stock, P., 2015. Authorship. (57) Walsh, D., Russell-Smith, J., and Cowley, R., 2014. Fire and carbon management in a diversified rangelands economy: research, policy and implementation challenges for northern Australia. The Rangeland Journal, 36(4), pp.313-322. Yu, M. and Halog, A., 2015. Solar photovoltaic development in Australiaa life cycle sustainability assessment study. Sustainability, 7(2), pp.1213-1247.

Treatments Of Alcoholism Essays (2906 words) - Health, RTT

Treatments of Alcoholism On any given day in the United States... 10,657 babies are born. (US Census Bureau). Twenty of these babies are born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. Twenty may seem as though it is not a lot, but when you compare it to the fact that this number is more than HIV positive, Muscular Dystrophy, Spina Bifida and Down Syndrome combine it creates a whole new parameter. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a direct result of a woman's competed disregard for the fetus. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS, hereinafter), is a series of both mental and physical birth defects that can include, but are not limited to, mental retardation, deficiencies in growth, central nervous system dysfunction, behavioral maladjustments, and craniofacial abnormalities. It is common knowledge not to smoke or drink during pregnancy. Growth abnormalities can be significant and also includes all three of the following respects of growth: weight, length and head circumference. Most of the time the baby's growth abnormalities are so severe they need to be hospitalized because of obvious failure to survive. A baby with craniofacial abnormalities can be recognized by their eyes in that they are small with exaggerated inner epicanthic folds. (Health Visitor Nov. 1981) The bridge of the nose is normally poorly developed. The ears are often large and simple in form. (Midwives Chronicle and Nursing notes) At first, when the baby is delivered, the affected infant shows signs of alcohol withdrawal; with signs that are much similar to delirium tremens in adults. They are often anxious, have a weak grasp, poor hand-to-eye coordination and consistent difficulty in feeding and sucking. People can not blame the mother's for the most part though. It is a common ignorance among the health care providers. Most health care providers are untrained and unfamiliar with substance abuse issues among pregnant women. FAS is widely misdiagnosed and or under diagnosed. Only ten percent of medical schools require students to complete a course on the proper diagnosis of individuals with alcohol and other drug addictions. Many women do not receive proper pre-natal care, and a study performed by a National Center for Health Statistics found that doctors appear less likely to tell a pregnant black woman to quit drinking and or smoking than they would be to a white woman. (The New York Times, January 19, 1994) As mentioned above, a baby with FAS can suffer from many different birth abnormalities. These disabilities will indeed last a lifetime. There is no amount of alcohol found to be safe to consume during pregnancy. FAS is, however, 100% preventable when a woman abstains from alcohol. FAS is the leading known cause of mental retardation. Approximately, one out of 750 live birth are born each year with FAS. (The Journal of American Medical Association, 1991) Thirty to 40% of the mothers who drink "heavily" throughout pregnancy have the syndrome. FAS is not limited to any one group, race, culture, or socio-economic background. Between one-third and two-thirds of children in special education have been affected by alcohol in some way. (The Journal of American Medical Association, 1991) Comparison of children and adults with FAS shows that with the approach to adolescence, the specific craniofacial features are not as noticeable as they are in infancy. Average academic functioning of these children and adults does not seem to develop beyond early school grade level. The short stature and small head (micro cephalic), seem to be permanent. The most noticeable behavioral problems were found to be with comprehension, judgment, and attention skills, causing these adults bo rn with FAS to experience major psychological and adjustment problems for the rest of their lives. Numerous studies with animals, of experimental alcoholism, where nutritional status has been well controlled, have shown that the damage to the developing fetus, such as low birth rate CNS ( Central Nervous System) impairment, etc. are caused by the direct consequence of the effects of alcohol. In addition, some of these studies have shown a clear continuum effect; the higher the blood alcohol of the mother, the greater the damage to the developing fetus. Even though the direct connection between alcohol intake and birth defects is now indisputable, there are other etiological factors associated with maternal drinking that must also be considered as contributing factors in an adverse pregnancy outcome. The

Underline the main features of The Good Friday Agreement essays

Underline the main features of The Good Friday Agreement essays A remarkable feature of Westminster's approach to the Northern Ireland 'Troubles' since 1969 has been the extent to which governments and oppositions down the years set party conflicts aside in searching for remedies and solutions. When Labour came to power in 1997, the outgoing Secretary of State, Sir Patrick Mayhew, was at pains to do all he could to help the incoming minister, Dr Mo Mowlam. Discussions continued month after month between party representatives. Both Prime Minister Tony Blair and Taoiseach, Bertie Ahern involved themselves in the details to a remarkable degree. Finally, on Good Friday 1998, all the main parties - with the exception of the Democratic Unionist Party - announced agreement. Essentially the SDLP MP who described the accord as 'Sunningdale for slow learners' was not wrong. A power-sharing devolved government would be formed with ministerial posts distributed according to party strength. The involvement of parties representing paramilitaries (primarily the Ulster Democratic Party, the Progressive Unionist Party and Sinn Fein) depended on the maintenance of cease-fires and 'decommissioning' of paramilitary weapons. A copy of the agreement was delivered to every household in Northern Ireland, and in May 1998 the accord was approved by referendum north and south; by a narrow margin, even unionist voters gave their approval. Two architects of the agreement, David Trimble and John Hume were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. A Northern Ireland Assembly was elected, with its representation also indicating majority support for the agreement. The issue of decommissioning, however, constantly delayed the formal creation of an executive, as the IRA had a policy of 'not an ounce, not a bullet' being given up from their armoury, while the Unionists refused to become ministers until some arms had been handed in. Northern Ireland remained a deeply divided society and this was most evident in opposing views on policin...

Prendre Conjugation in French, Translation, and Examples

Prendre Conjugation in French, Translation, and Examples The French verb prendre,  which commonly means to take,  is a frequently used and very flexible  irregular French -re verb. The good news is that  prendre can help you learn similar verbs. In this article you can find the different meanings and the most frequently used prendre conjugations: the present, present progressive, compound past, imperfect, simple future, near future indicative, the conditional, the present subjunctive, as well as the imperative and the gerund of prendre. There are other verb tenses for prendre, but they are not used as frequently. For example, the passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are formal and most often found in writing. Prendre Is the Model for an Irregular -re Verb Subgroup There are patterns for irregular French  -re verbs, and  prendre  is in one of those groups. In fact, all verbs ending in the root word  -prendre  are conjugated the same way. These verbs drop the d in all three plural forms and take a double n in the third person plural.   This means that after you learn the conjugations for  prendre, you can apply what you learned to conjugate these other verbs: Apprendre   to learnComprendre  Ã‚  to understandEntreprendre  Ã‚  to undertakeMà ©prendre  Ã‚  to mistakeReprendre  Ã‚  to retake, take againSurprendre  Ã‚  to surprise The Many Meanings of Prendre The verb  prendre  usually means to take, both literally and figuratively. Il ma pris par le bras.  Ã‚  He took me by the arm.Tu peux prendre le livre.  Ã‚  You can take the book.Je vais prendre une photo.  Ã‚  Im going to take a picture.Prenez votre temps. Take your time. Prendre  is such a flexible verb that it can change meanings based on the context. The following is a list of some of the uses of prendre, although there are many more. Prendre  can mean to come over or to strike: La colà ¨re ma pris.   I was overcome with anger.Quest-ce qui te prend  ?  (informal)   Whats come over you? Whats the matter with you? Prendre may also mean to catch in instances such as: Je lai pris tricher.   I caught him cheating. There are times when prendre  will take on the meaning of to take in, to dupe, or to fool: On ne my prendra plus !   They wont fool me again! You may also use prendre when you want to say to handle or to deal with: Il y a plusieurs moyens de prendre le problà ¨me.   There are several ways to deal with the problem. One of your options for saying to set is a form of  prendre: Le ciment na pas encore pris. The cement hasnt set yet.   When you want to say to do well, to catch on, or to be successful you can also turn to  prendre: Ce livre va prendre.   This book is going to be a great success. Sometimes, prendre  can even mean to catch or to start: Jespà ¨re que le bois va prendre.   I hope the wood catches on fire. Finally, prendre  can also mean to pick up or to fetch, especially when used with another verb: Passe me prendre midi.   Come pick me up at noon.Peux-tu me prendre demain  ? Can you pick me up tomorrow? Using Se Prendre The  pronominal  se prendre  has several meanings as well. To consider oneself:  Il se prend pour un expert.   He thinks hes an expert.To get caught, trapped:  Ma manche sest prise dans la porte.   My sleeve got caught in the door. You may also use  sen prendre , which means  to blame, to challenge, or to attack: Tu ne peux ten prendre qu toi-mà ªme.   You only have yourself to blame.Il sen est pris son chien.   He took it out on his dog. Similarly, the construction  sy prendre   means to do something about it: Il faut sy prendre.   We have to do something about it. We have to take care of it. Expressions With Prendre There are many  idiomatic expressions  using the French verb  prendre.  Among the most common are these which you can use to practice your  prendre  conjugations. Prendre sa retraite   to retirePrendre une dà ©cision   to make a decisionPrendre  un pot  (informal) to have a drinkQuest-ce qui ta pris  ?   Whats gotten into you?Être pris   to be tied up, busy Present Indicative Je prends Je prends le petit dà ©jeuner 7 heures du matin. I have breakfast at 7 in the morning. Tu prends Tu prends le train pour aller travailler. You take the train to go to work. Il/Elle/On prend Elle prend un verre de vin la fin de la journà ©e. She has a glass of wine at the end of the day. Nous prenons Nous prenons beaucoup de photos pendant le voyage. We take many photos during the trip. Vous prenez Vous prenez le livre de la bibliothà ¨que. You take the book from the library. Ils/Elles prennent Ils prennent des notes en classe. They take notes in class. Present Progressive Indicative The present progressive in French is formed with the present tense conjugation of the verb à ªtre (to be) en train de the infinitive verb (prendre). Je suis en train de prendre Je suis en train de prendre le petit dà ©jeuner 7 heures du matin. I am having breakfast at 7 in the morning. Tu es en train de prendre Tu es en train de prendre le train pour aller travailler. You are taking the train to go to work. Il/Elle/On est en train de prendre Elle est en train de prendre un verre de vin la fin de la journà ©e. She is having a glass of wine at the end of the day. Nous sommes en train de prendre Nous sommes en train de prendre beaucoup de photos pendant le voyage. We are taking many photos during the trip. Vous à ªtes en train de prendre Vous à ªtes en train de prendre le livre de la bibliothà ¨que. You are taking the book from the library. Ils/Elles sont en train de prendre Ils sont en train de prendre des notes en classe. They are taking notes in class. Compound Past Indicative The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is translated to English as the simple past. It is formed using the auxiliary verb  avoir  and the past participle  pris.  For example, we took is  nous avons pris. Je ai pris J'ai pris le petit dà ©jeuner 7 heures du matin. I had breakfast at 7 in the morning. Tu as pris Tu as pris le train pour aller travailler. You took the train to go to work. Il/Elle/On a pris Elle a pris un verre de vin la fin de la journà ©e. She had a glass of wine at the end of the day. Nous avons pris Nous avons pris beaucoup de photos pendant le voyage. We took many photos during the trip. Vous avez pris Vous avez pris le livre de la bibliothà ¨que. You took the book from the library. Ils/Elles ont pris Ils ont pris des notes en classe. They took notes in class. Imperfect Indicative The imperfect tense is used to talk about ongoing events or repeated actions in the past. It can be translated to English as was taking or used to take. Je prenais Je prenais le petit dà ©jeuner 7 heures du matin. I used to eat breakfast at 7 in the morning. Tu prenais Tu prenais le train pour aller travailler. You used to take the train to go to work. Il/Elle/On prenait Elle prenait un verre de vin la fin de la journà ©e. She used to have a glass of wine at the end of the day. Nous prenions Nous prenions beaucoup de photos pendant le voyage. We used to take many photos during the trip. Vous preniez Vous preniez le livre de la bibliothà ¨que. You used to take the book from the library. Ils/Elles prenaient Ils prenaient des notes en classe. They used to take notes in class. Simple Future Indicative Je prendrai Je prendrai le petit dà ©jeuner 7 heures du matin. I will eat breakfast at 7 in the morning. Tu prendras Tu prendras le train pour aller travailler. You will take the train to go to work. Il/Elle/On prendra Elle prendra un verre de vin la fin de la journà ©e. She will have a glass of wine at the end of the day. Nous prendrons Nous prendrons beaucoup de photos pendant le voyage. We will take many photos during the trip. Vous prendrez Vous prendrez le livre de la bibliothà ¨que. You will take the book from the library. Ils/Elles prendront Ils prendront des notes en classe. They will take notes in class. Near Future Indicative The near future is translated to English as going to verb. In French it is formed with the present tense conjugation of the verb aller (to go) the infinitive (prendre). Je vais prendre Je vais prendre le petit dà ©jeuner 7 heures du matin. I am going to eat breakfast at 7 in the morning. Tu vas prendre Tu vas prendre le train pour aller travailler. You are going to take the train to go to work. Il/Elle/On va prendre Elle va prendre un verre de vin la fin de la journà ©e. She is going to have a glass of wine at the end of the day. Nous allons prendre Nous allons prendre beaucoup de photos pendant le voyage. We are going to take many photos during the trip. Vous allez prendre Vous allez prendre le livre de la bibliothà ¨que. You are going to take the book from the library. Ils/Elles vont prendre Ils vont prendre des notes en classe. They are going to take notes in class. Conditional The conditional is used to talk about hypothetical or possible events. It can be used to form if clauses or to express a polite request. Je prendrais Je prendrais le petit dà ©jeuner 7 heures du matin si j'avais le temps. I would eat breakfast at 7 in the morning if I had the time. Tu prendrais Tu prendrais le train pour aller travailler si c'à ©tait moins coà »teux. You would take the train to go to work if it were less expensive. Il/Elle/On prendrait Elle prendrait un verre de vin la fin de la journà ©e si elle n'à ©tait trop fatiguà ©e. She would have a glass of wine at the end of the day if she were not too tired. Nous prendrions Nous prendrions beaucoup de photos pendant le voyage si nous avions une bonne camà ©ra. We would take many photos during the trip if we had a good camera. Vous prendriez Vous prendriez le livre de la bibliothà ¨que si vous le vouliez. You would take the book from the library if you wanted it. Ils/Elles prendraient Ils prendraient des notes en classe s'ils pouvaient. They would take notes in class if they could. Present Subjunctive You will use the subjunctive whenever the action of taking is uncertain. Que je prenne Marie propose que je prenne le petit dà ©jeuner 7 heures du matin. Marie proposes that I eat breakfast at 7 in the morning. Que tu prennes Jacques suggà ¨re que tu prennes le train pour aller travailler. Jacques suggests that you take the train to go to work. Qu'il/elle/on prenne Anne conseille qu'elle prenne un verre de vin la fin de la journà ©e. Anne advises that shehave a glass of wine at the end of the day. Que nous prenions Notre mà ¨re exige que nous prenions beaucoup de photos pendant le voyage. Our mother demands that we take many photos during the trip. Que vous preniez Laurent prà ©fà ¨re que vous preniez le livre de la bibliothà ¨que. Laurent prefers that you take the book from the library. Qu'ils/elles prennent Le professeur souhaite qu'ils prennent des notes en classe. The professor wishes that they take notes in class. Imperative When using  prendre  in the  imperative  to express a command, you do not need to state the subject pronoun. For instance, use  prends  rather than  tu prends. To form the negative commands, simply place ne...pas around the positive command. Positive commands Tu prends ! Prends le train pour aller travailler ! Take the train to go to work! Nous prenons! Prenons beaucoup de photos pendant le voyage ! Let's take many photos during the trip! Vous preniez! Preniez le livre de la bibliothà ¨que ! Take the book from the library! Negative commands Tu ne prends pas ! Ne prends pas le train pour aller travailler ! Don't take the train to go to work! Nous ne prenons pas! Ne prenons pas beaucoup de photos pendant le voyage ! Let's not take many photos during the trip! Vous ne preniez pas! Ne preniez pas le livre de la bibliothà ¨que ! Don't take the book from the library! Present Participle/Gerund The  present participle  in French has several different uses. One of them is to form the gerund (usually preceded by the preposition en), which is often used to talk about simultaneous actions. Present participle/gerund ofPrendre prenant Je t'ai vu en prenant mon petit dà ©jeuner. I saw you while I was eating my breakfast.