Evaluating Customer Retention Methods used by Coca Cola

Evaluating Customer Retention Methods used by Coca Cola A consumer is a person who spots a need or desire, and then looks for the best way to satisfy his or her need either by purchase or acquisition (Solomon et al, 2010). Consumer behaviour as defined by Solomon et al (2006) is the processes involved when individuals or groups select, purchase, use or dispose of products, services, ideas, or experiences to satisfy needs or desires. Customer retention is vital these days and organisations are looking for the best way to please and satisfy the interest of their consumers. According to Fill (2009), the understanding of the buyers behaviour makes marketing strategies and plan come out successful. The Coca-Cola Company is soft drink industry that has been able to build its brand loyalty with its consumers over its years of operation, despite the highly competitive market (Euromonitor, 2010). But this success would not have been realistic without understanding who the consumer is, what the consumer needs and how the consumer behaves. The Econo mic recession was a trying time for companies which led to the closures of some and loss for majority, the soft drink industry is not an exception and Coca- cola which falls under the soft drink industry will be analysed on how effective the management of their consumers was to in ensuring their survival in the recession. 1.1 A brief summary of The Coca- Cola operations The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC) is the largest manufacturer, distributor and marketer of non alcoholic beverage, concentrates and syrups in the world. Coca-cola has a portfolio of more than 3,300 beverages, from diet and regular sparkling beverages to still beverages such as 100 percent fruit juices and fruit drinks, waters, sports and energy drinks, teas and coffees, and milk-and soy-based beverages, which are now sold in more than 200 countries in the world. (Coca-cola, 2010). Coca- cola first got to Britain in the year 1900, after Charles Candler brought a jug of syrup along on a visit to England. Soon after, in the early 1920s, it went on sale at the London Coliseum and in Selfridges. Since then coca-cola Britain has come up with innovative soft drinks namely: Coca-cola; Diet Coke; Coca-cola zero; Sprite; Sprite zero; Fanta;Fanta Zero; 5 Alive; Schweppes; Schweppes zero; Powerade; Powerade zero; Kia ora; Kia ora(no added sugar); Dr. Pepper; Dr. Pepper zero; Lilt; Lilt Zero; Oasis; Oasis extra light; Glaceau vitamin water and Relentless. (Coca-cola, 2010) With about 4,650 employees, Coca-cola GB claims to have sold 228million cases in 2008. Pic. 1.1 The Coca-Cola Company Great Britain brands Available on this link- http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/brands/ 1.2 An overview of the soft drink industry in Great Britain Mintel (2010) stated that close to one-quarter of companies in the UK soft drinks market is growing at more than 10% per year. Some of the main players in the UK soft drink industry include Coca-cola, Pepsi cola UK, Tropical UK, Nestle UK etc to mention but a few. The British Soft Drinks Associations 2010 UK Soft Drinks Report found that the overall market grew by 1.7% in 2009, with total consumption reaching 14,140 million litres, at a retail value of  £13.224 billion (Mintel, 2010). The British Soft Drinks Assocaition (2010) stated that it was encouraging to see that the soft drinks market was holding up during the economic downturn. According to M intel (2010), for the second year running, Coca-cola topped interbrands best global brands table, placing it above its competitors in the soft drink industry. The coca-cola company has continued to focus on expanding its business through taking tactical places in niche soft drinks producers, by purchasing a stake in UK smoothie produce r, Innocent Drinks (Euromonitor, 2010). 1.3 The recession in United Kingdom Recessions occur during the down or contraction phase of the business cycle. The term business cycle refers to the familiar ups and downs of economic activity. (Pearce and Michael 2006). Furthermore, Pearce and Micheal (2006) opined that recessions cause significant declines in resources available to the firm because customers spend less, lenders lend less, and competitive rivalry increases. Initially, the behaviour of consumers changes during recessions. They have less money to spend and cut back personal spending in response to the overall decline in economic activity. Industrial and business customers may become disloyal, demand renegotiated contract terms, and alter purchase patterns. Also by Pride and Ferrell (1995), recession is a stage in the business cycle during which unemployment rises and total buying power declines, stifling both consumers and business peopless propensity to spend. The UK economy was growing faster than the average for the Euro zone throughout most of this decade. However, an abrupt slowdown began in 2008 and the economy entered a recession in the third quarter. According to Euromonitor (2010), real gross domestic profit fell by 4.9% in 2009, making this the UKs longest post-war recession. The UK has been harder hit than many countries because of its large financial sector. The fiscal position has deteriorated over the past several years. The deficit was pushed even higher as a result of the bailout of large banks. The number of unemployed also rose by 50% during the recession with 800,000 jobs being lost (Euromonitor, 2010). The recession led to business closures, job losses and a lack of employment opportunities in the UK (Athey, 2009). This first global recession in the new era of globalization, started in the US, spread to Europe, and eventually became global; its the worst economic crisis since the great depression. (Stiglitz and Joseph, 2 009). 1.4 The Coca-Cola Company and the recession TCCCs gross profit margin decreased to 64.2 percent in 2009 from 64.4 percent in 2008, primarily due to foreign currency fluctuations, adverse geographic mix as a result of expansion in their up and coming markets, current focus to steer better reasonable initiatives across different major markets and unfavourable channel and marketing mix in some certain markets. (Coca-Cola, 2010). Even though there was a slight decrease (0.2%) in their profit margin compared to the previous year, TCCC arguably performed well despite the economic downturn. The unit case volume in TCCC is one of the measures of the fundamental strength of the company because it helps to measure progress at their consumer level. In Europe, the sales volume of year ended 2009 versus year ended 2008 shows that the unit case volume in Europe decreased 1 percent, caused mainly by the ongoing hard macroeconomic situations in most part of Europe. These hard macroeconomic conditions influenced major markets and caused a decline in the unit case volume of 8 percent in South and Eastern Europe, 4 percent in Iberia and 2 percent in Germany. The volume declines in these markets were partially made up for by 6 percent unit case volume growth in France and 4 percent growth in Great Britain.(Coca-cola, 2010). Table 1.1- Financial result of The Coca-Cola Company Year Ended December 31, 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 (In millions except per share data) SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS Net operating revenues $ 30,990 $ 31,944 $ 28,857 $ 24,088 $ 23,104 Net income attributable to shareholders 6,824 5,807 5, 981 5, 080 5, 872 GROSS PROFIT 19,902 20,570 18,451 GROSS PROFIT MARGIN 64.2% 64.4% 63.9% PER SHARE DATA Basic net income $ 2.95 $ 2.51 $ 2.59 $ 2.16 $ 2.04 Diluted net income 2.93 2.49 2.57 2.16 2.04 Cash dividends 1.64 1.52 1.36 1.24 1.12 BALANCE SHEET DATA Total assets $ 48,671 $ 40,519 $ 43,269 $ 29,963 $ 29,427 Long-term debt 5,059 2,781 3,277 1,314 1,154 1.5 Scope of Study The interest of this study lies mainly with The Coca-cola Company, focusing on Coca-cola Great Britain as the scope of study. This study also examines the level at which the recession affected the sales in coca-cola and the consumers attitude towards the purchase of coca-cola. CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Key Consumer Behaviour Aspects Three key consumer aspects have been carefully selected from Jiang (2010) as explained in the Consumer Behaviour Lectures; the following aspect of the consumer behaviour may have influenced the continuous purchase of coca-cola products despite the economic downturn- the buying process, Attitude formation and Motivation. 2.1 The Buying process A buying decision making process is the selection of an option from two or more alternative choices (Jiang, 2010). Coca-colas consumers can be explained in Consumer as a Problem Solver (Habitual Decision Maker). A habitual decision maker makes choices that are characterised by an impulse made with little effort and without conscious control (Solomon et al, 2006). Coca-colas brands are low involvement products and so require little information search. Most decisions made by people who consume coca-cola are with little or no conscious effort. Coca-cola consumers purchase Coke for example based on a habit that has been formed over time. Also the Evaluation of alternatives can be used to explain the brands resistance to the recession, much of the consumers effort that goes into a purchase decision develops at the stage in which a choice must be made from the accessible alternatives (Solomon et al, 2006). In many cases, there are a number of alternatives (such as water, soft drink or alcohol) a consumer could consider in satisfying a biogenic need, i.e. to conquer thirst. A consumer that has formed a habit overtime to purchase diet Coke for example will always have in mind a diet coke whenever hes thirsty. Branding can also be an influence on the evaluation of alternatives. In a survey of Global Brands, Inter Brand and Business Week identified the significance for companies to create communities around their products and services, which gives the customers the opportunity to feel as if they own the brand (Solomon et al, 2006). Fill (2009) also supported that as a brand becomes established with a buyer, so the psycholo gical benefits of ownership are preferred to competing offerings, and a form of relationship emerges Coke is not only seen as a drink by its consumers, but seen in the light of its heritage and relationship with them( Payne,2007). Brands also create impressions and strong feelings so much that when people see the coke bottle with its red label, and the content, people suddenly feel thirsty and the need to have a drink (Riesenbeck and Perrey, 2007) According to Mintel, (2010), the Interbrand ranked Coca-cola as the number one global brand in the year 2009 and 2010 respectively. Brands can influence a consumers choice in a decision making process, in a study conducted, 51percent of consumers preferred Pepsi over Coke , while in an open test, only 23percent preferred Pepsi over coke(Jenkinson, 1995). In my opinion, Coca-cola consumers have developed a relationship with the brand, which makes them to choose coca-colas brands amongst all other alternatives even in a recession. The econom ic downturn did not affect consumers choices, habits did not change despite the recession; coca-cola consumers did not change their product preferences because a habit has been formed over time. Table 2.1 Buying Decision making process Evaluations After purchase behaviour/feeling Involvement Information search Need recognition Need Purchase Decision Identity Alternatives Source- (Jiang, 2010) 2.2 Attitude Formation Attitude is a persons learned predisposition, tendency to respond to an object in a consistently favourable or unfavourable way (Allport, 1935) as cited by (Jiang, 2010). An attitude formed, lasts over a period of time, an attitude towards what a person eats or drink or developing an attitude towards different brands (such as drinking diet Coke rather than drinking diet Pepsi) or also having an attitude towards a general consumption pattern(such as eating twice to eating once in a day) (Solomon et al, 2006). The Utilitarian Function which is related to the basic principles of reward and punishment will be used to explain why TCCC was not entirely affected by recession. Attitudes are formed based on the presumed product qualities (either pleasure or pain) (Solomon et al, 2006). Attitudes influence a consumers decision making and the goal of a marketer is always to create a positive attitude towards a product or change existing attitudes (Fill, 2009). In a recent research conducted by TCCC to evaluate consumers attitudes towards its brands, it revealed that coca-cola is the brand most associated with happiness (Coca-cola, 2010). The result of the survey revealed that over a half of the people that participated in the research said its the taste that makes them smile others said sharing a bottle of coca-cola with family and friends can provide an opportunity to spend time together (Coca-cola, 2010). Coca-cola consumers have developed an attitude overtime, so the recession would not change their product preference but might just alter their consumption pattern (such as reducing the intake of one three bottles per day to two bottles per day). The theme of the TCCC also stresses straight forward benefits (Coca-cola.Open Happiness). TCCC develops strategies to penetrate their consumers lifestyle to pass a message. In order to promote Coca-Cola Zero (one of Coca-Colas brands),TCCC partnered with the Twentieth Century Fox and director Ja mes Camerons for his epic-adventure and blockbuster film Avatar. This promotional strategy helped to form an attitude towards Coca-Cola Zero and raise its awareness. They also use promotional activities and sponsorship of events such as sponsoring the premiership in England and Scotland to reach a large and well defined audience (football fans) and consumers attitude are formed through these sponsorships in making a purchase decision. Attitudes towards coca-cola could also be formed by the yearly coca-cola adverts, as supported by Pearce and Micheal (2006) aggressive marketing campaigns may be more effective during recessions, as competitors feeling the pinch might attempt to forestall losses by reducing their advertising. During the recession, TCCC, engaged in massive paid advertising to reinforce their brands in the minds of the consumers. Also towards the end of each year, coca-cola does an advert, using the Christmas theme to convey its message to its viewers. The viewers feelings about the context in which an advertisement appears can also influence brand attitudes (Solomon et al, 2006). Liking this Christmas themed adverts would naturally link us to Attitude Formation (three hierarchies of effects), Affect, Behaviour and Beliefs. Affect (like the brand), behaviour (buy the brand), belief (feel satisfied with the brand) or belief (create awareness of the brand), behaviour (buy the brand), affect (like the bra nd) or belief (create awareness of the brand), affect (like the brand), behaviour (buy the brand). Attitude formed over time influences a consumers purchase behaviour, in spite of the recession, it can be argued that the attitude of the TCCCs consumers did not change, and there was a continual process in consumers purchase pattern. Coca-cola was not so affected by the recession because of the consumers favourable attitudes towards their products Table 2.2 Three Hierarchies of Effects Attitudes based on cognitive information processing Affect Attitudes based on behavioural learning processes Behaviour Behaviour Behaviour Beliefs vvv Beliefs vvv Beliefs vvv Attitudes based on hedonic consumption Affect Affect Source- (Jiang, 2010) 2.3 Motivation Motivation is the driving force within individuals that impels them to action, this driving force is produced by a state of tension which exists as the result of an unfilled need (Jaing 2010). Every action is done for a reason. Motivation refers to the process that cause people to behave as they do, motivation occurs when a need (Utilitarian-consumers practical benefits or Hedonic-consumers emotional benefits) is aroused that the consumer wishes to satisfy. The desired end- state is the consumers goal. The degree of arousal is called a drive (Solomon et al, 2006). The purpose of purchasing a drink would be to satisfy a biogenic need, i.e. to conquer thirst. For a consumer to now choose a diet coke because hes thirsty is called psychogenic. Coca-cola motivates its consumers through its themed message (Open Happiness), and this can be explained in the hedonic needs (Consumers emotional benefits) The survey TCCC conducted for their consumers shows that the taste of coca-cola makes them happy. What motivates a consumer might be different compared to the other consumer. A regular coke consumer willing to reduce his sugar consumption will be happy to switch to coke zero which has no sugar and less calories. According to British Soft Drinks Association, (2010), Consumers are loyal to the drinks they know and trust but remain open to innovative products and brand extensions which meet their ever-evolving needs. The industrys ability to provide the public with a wide range of enjoyable and affordable drinks will ensure it remains resilient despite the tough economic climate. TCCC also motivates its consumers by regularly innovating different products to suit specific needs, e.g. no sugar drink (Coke zero). Also viewing it from the Consumer involvement angle, TCCC also motivates its consumers by connecting with millions of them every day through their brands Facebook pages, Twitter and influential blogs, creating a dialogue that allows TCCC to build their brand assets an d strengthen their consumer relationships. Solomon, (2006) defines involvement as a persons perceived relevance of the object based on his/her inherent needs, values, and interests. Through this Fans page on facebook and twitter, consumers can access their advertisements, Coca-Cola applications and downloads, and get live updates from the company. Also TCCC involves their consumers through the Coca-Cola Freestyle machine, this makes the consumers beverage innovators by giving them choices and variety to make more than 100 different branded beverages at the touch of a button, this provides fun, and a relationship that connects the company with its consumers. (Coca-cola, 2010). TCCC motivates their consumers by associating with things that will be of interest to the consumers, for example; on their website is a calculator used for checking amount of calories and quantity of drinks consumed every week so as to help consumers monitor their calorie intake in having a healthy diet and lif estyle. This can help motivate a consumer to purchase TCCCs product because they have shown the consumer the consumer that in as much as they want to make profit, they also care about them and their health. The recession did not really affect TCCCs sales because of the motivation TCCC tries to create and the relationship they have been able to build overtime with their consumers. CONCLUSION 3.1 Conclusion Understanding consumers behaviour is key to having a successful company; marketers need to deepen their research on their consumers because the consumers are becoming aware of the important role they play in their consumption pattern. Competitors are always also looking for tactics to grow and influence new consumers, and any organisation that does not meet up with consumers expectations would be losing a consumer. Companies should look for ways to retain their current customers and also focus on getting new ones attracting new customers should be a priority in a recession (Pearce and Michael 2006). Organisations should actively engage their customers more than before.

I Eat Mentos, Do You?

How many dilemmas a day do you stumble across, that given a solution would just make life easier? The ad for Mentos featuring Albert Einstein reads, â€Å"I eat Mentos, do you? Mentos. Helping People Get Ideas†, implying Mentos can help increase intelligence to a level comparable to Albert’s. In advertisements from Mentos ordinary individuals find themselves facing various dilemmas; however, if one consumes a Mento they are inspired to solve their problems, while staying fresh and cool. In every case a loser becomes a winner.Mentos’ ad featuring Albert Einstein is an effective advertisement, despite the absence of the appeal to logic, because its appeal to both credibility and emotions are so robust. Even though Logos, the appeal to logic, is unaccounted for, the ad is still very successful. Of the three major ways writers or marketers persuade their audience to purchase their product, it isn’t necessary for Mentos to explain the logic for using a breath m int. Logically we all know what breathe mints do, stating the obvious wouldn’t contribute to the persuasion of the ad.Even considering the appeal to false logic, the notion that Albert Einstein’s brilliant mind is thanks to a breath mint is implausible; therefore, the assumption could be made that Mentos had no intentions to appeal to logic or false logic. An individual seeing this ad would not literally think they’d become as smart as Albert from consuming a breath mint. Although there is a lack of logos in this advisement, it is an effective ad that includes only two of the three appeals.Ethos, the rhetorical element that appeals to credibility is the strongest element used to persuade customers to purchase this product. Albert Einstein is known for being one of the smartest men in history, and if that isn’t obvious enough to a reader, the ad also states that he is a, â€Å"World Famous Scientist†. The reputation and expertise of Albert in conjun ction with the advertisement’s tag lines, â€Å"I eat Mentos do you† and â€Å"Mentos. Helping People Get Ideas†, insinuates that if the consumer eats Mentos, they will be just as smart.The use of Albert’s celebrity endorsement is not only an effective display of using credibility but is also used to support the claim that Mentos will give you great ideas. Mentos’ use of humor was a clever and effective way to approach the appeal to Ethos. Like Ethos, Pathos is captured exceptionally well, and focuses more on the positive emotional appeal. In this ad Mentos uses the promise of gain; the obvious promise of gain is great breath, but Mentos achieves the emotional appeal by using Albert Einstein to suggest the gain will also be great ideas or a solution.Finding a solution to a problem can be extremely gratifying, giving you an overwhelming feeling of pride and satisfaction. The promise of the gain paired with the instantaneous gratification is what mak es the emotional appeal even stronger. The illustration of Albert gives him a softer feel, bringing a sense of friendliness and kindness to the ad. The soft colors, creased lines and folded edges contribute to the authenticity of the vintage illustration. The use of Pathos along with Ethos is what made this ad effective.To conclude, Albert Einstein’s Mentos advertisement makes a customer feel like they can benefit from the product without using the appeal to logic. Anyone who is going to see this ad knows that a breath mint freshens breath; the reason the Mentos ad is successful is because of the use of humor, along with Ethos and Pathos. It relates to something everyone wants, easy solutions and great ideas, and assures that this product is the answer. This all leads us to one question, â€Å"I eat Mentos, do you†?

Probability of Going to Jail in Monopoly

In the game Monopoly there are a lot of features that involve some aspect of probability. Of course, since the method of moving around the board involves rolling two dice, it is clear that there is some element of chance in the game. One of the places where this is evident is the portion of the game known as Jail. We will calculate two probabilities regarding Jail in the game of Monopoly. Description of Jail Jail in Monopoly is a space in which players can â€Å"Just Visit† on their way around the board, or where they must go if a few conditions are met. While in Jail, a player can still collect rents and develop properties, but is not able to move around the board. This is a significant disadvantage early in the game when properties are not owned, as the game progresses there are times where it is more advantageous to stay in Jail, as it reduces the risk of landing on your opponents’ developed properties. There are three ways that a player can end up in Jail. One can simply land on the â€Å"Go to Jail† space of the board.One can draw a Chance or Community Chest card marked â€Å"Go to Jail.†One can roll doubles (both numbers on the dice are the same) three times in a row. There are also three ways that a player can get out of Jail Use a â€Å"Get out of Jail Free† cardPay $50Roll doubles on any of the three turns after a player goes to Jail. We will examine the probabilities of the third item on each of the above lists. Probability of Going to Jail We will first look at the probability of going to Jail by rolling three doubles in a row. There are six different rolls that are doubles (double 1, double 2, double 3, double 4, double 5, and double 6) out of a total of 36 possible outcomes when rolling two dice. So on any turn, the probability of rolling a double is 6/36 1/6. Now each roll of the dice is independent. So the probability that any given turn will result in the rolling of doubles three times in a row is (1/6) x (1/6) x (1/6) 1/216. This is approximately 0.46%. While this may seem like a small percentage, given the length of most Monopoly games, it is likely that this will happen at some point to someone during the game. Probability of Leaving Jail We now turn to the probability of leaving Jail by rolling doubles. This probability is slightly more difficult to calculate because there are different cases to consider: The probability that we roll doubles on the first roll is 1/6.The probability that we roll doubles on the second turn but not the first is (5/6) x (1/6) 5/36.The probability that we roll doubles on the third turn but not the first or second is (5/6) x (5/6) x (1/6) 25/216. So the probability of rolling doubles to get out of Jail is 1/6 5/36 25/216 91/216, or about 42%. We could calculate this probability in a different way. The complement of the event â€Å"roll doubles at least once over the next three turns† is â€Å"We don’t roll doubles at all over the next three turns.† Thus the probability of not rolling any doubles is (5/6) x (5/6) x (5/6) 125/216. Since we have calculated the probability of the complement of the event that we want to find, we subtract this probability from 100%. We get the same probability of 1 - 125/216 91/216 that we obtained from the other method. Probabilities of the Other Methods Probabilities for the other methods are difficult to calculate. They all involve the probability of landing on a particular space (or landing on a particular space and drawing a particular card). Finding the probability of landing on a certain space in Monopoly is actually quite difficult. This sort of problem can be dealt with by the use of Monte Carlo simulation methods.

Huck Finn the Racist Essay - 1336 Words

When taking a look at Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn, racism is a large theme that seems to be reoccurring. What some may think to be racism in Twains words, can also be explained as, good story telling appropriate to the era the story takes place in. Twain himself has been suggested as a racist based on the fact that he uses the word nigger in his book. However, Twain was an avid abolitionist. For those who claim that Twain was a racist must have only been looking out for themselves and not those who are willing to learn about the past whether it be ugly or perfect. Racism was and forever will be a dark part of the American past, and no one can change that, no matter how many books one may alter. In this book a number of dialects†¦show more content†¦The main focus is to replace the 219 times the word nigger is used with slave. One would doubt that Twain would input the N-word into his book without having a good reason to do so. At the time of writing this book, the Civil War was over and the general thought was that slavery and racism was over. The thought then leads to the fact that Twain wanted to make a point of letting readers know that, just because you have abolished slavery does not mean that the racism and bigotry has gone with it. The repel of slavery made no difference to the racism card, and he wanted his Northern readers to know it. When the argument of replacing the word nigger with slave one sees the issue with that. The issue being that nigger in that time meant African-American, not necessarily a slave. So looking at a high school or college student in the future reading Huckleberry Finn for the first time and reading is with the word slave the story loses its effect on the reader. It does not give a sense of the time, it would only give a vibe that something is not right in the story. When reading this story for the first time, one must have an open mind and not pay attention to little things like racism in this book. The main plot is not, lets raft down a river and see how racist we can be. As one reads the story flows, and part of that flow is to allow discrepancy in racial slurs. It is okay to have theShow MoreRelatedHuck Finn: Racist or Not Racist?760 Words   |  4 Pagesin his novel The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The character of Jim is demeaning to African-Americans as he is portrayed as a foolish, uneducated, black slave. The â€Å"n† word is also used in the book describing him and many other African-American characters in the story. However, some see this book as anti-racist and believe that the use of racist’s comments is not racist at all. Those who think that are mistaken becaus e Huck Finn in clearly a racist novel. 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Twain writes dialogue that brings his characters to life. He creates characters with unique voice and helps the reader connect to the book. Anyone who reads it is forced to develop feelings for each character. Even though there is a great amount of controversy over the use of some choices, such as the â€Å"n word†, it makes the book more realistic. In the beginning of the novel Huck, a white boy, plays

The Virtue Of Forgetting Of The Digital Age - Viktor Mayer...

Delete The Virtue of Forgetting in the Digital Age - Viktor Mayer-Schonberger Chapter one is entitled â€Å" Failing to Forget the Drunken Pirate.† This chapter starts off giving examples of real people that have professional jobs that posted something online that later on came back and ruined their lives in some way. One person was a woman by the name of Stacey Snyder who was a 25 year old aspiring teacher. After completing all the coursework needed to become an educator, university officials denied her of her certificate because of a picture that she posted on her private Myspace account. The picture was captioned â€Å"drunken pirate† and she was holding a red cup, the university officials claimed her behavior was â€Å"unbecoming.† Although her page was private, it was still easy for the officials to find this one image that ruined Stacey’s career. In this chapter it is stressed how easy it is to find information on anyone. Google actually keeps individual records of people s search history, web pages browsed, and keywords that they often search. Google used to keep these records forever, but as of recently that changed and they are only kept for a short period of time. Also in this chapter it is stated that there is no more privacy. Cell phones have GPS receivers which allows our location to be tracked all day everyday. Because of this you can now even track someone through GPS from a photo they’ve take. In chapter two â€Å"Importance of Remembering†, The main points that SchonbergerShow MoreRelatedThe Impact of Social Media Upon Self Esteem2506 Words   |  11 Pagesavailable on the Internet also adds another layer of social pressures. Because of digitization, the Internet has a perfect memory; when something is posted online, it remains in cyberspace, easily accessible by almost anyone with Internet access (Mayer-Schonberger, 2009). This means that we can easily recall any past mistakes, embarrassing moments, or posts that did not receive a significant amount of positive feedback. By combining all of these factors, the social media scene has effectively created

Cold War Ethical Reflection Free Essays

Reflection of the Cold War The Cold War, from 1945 to 1991, is one of the most important periods of time that has greatly influenced and shaped the modern world. It was not just a battle between two super powers, the USA and the Soviet Union, but also a clash of two really popular ideologies during that time. There was the American claim of fighting for freedom and democracy and the Soviet claims of fighting for the interests of the workers and the common people. We will write a custom essay sample on Cold War Ethical Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now Now in theory, these ideologies seemed ethical, but throughout this period, both countries’ actions severely opposed the ideologies they represented on numerous occasions. Some say it all came down to a competition of achieving the most power and influence and just using what they’re supposed to represent as a disguise to hide the true intention of their actions. Now this is partly true and in this reflection I will explain the cynicism caused by both superpowers and decide which one actually represented a greater evil. Let’s start with Soviet Union. They were communist and actually held true to these values inside their own country but did use brutal force to destroy anyone who opposed their totalitarian rule and this often led to many deaths. Even though life under Soviet Union had its ups and downs, it is the actions that they did in other countries which really gave them a negative image especially in the west, throughout most of the cold war. One of the first atrocious acts they committed was the Berlin Blockade which was an attempt to exercise their power over East Berlin. They blocked the country from receiving necessary supplies and instead of helping the workers and installing communism, they were oppressing them and this was a major event that deteriorated their image, and they even did this again with the construction of the Berlin Wall. The same thing happened in Czechoslovakia. Although they were supporting Communism in the country, they were not representing the interests of the common people. Most wanted freedom but the Soviets just rolled in their tanks to stop this from happening, first in 1948 by arranging a coup to put the unpopular communist party in power, and then they rolled in the tanks again in the Prague Spring but this time were unsuccessful in stopping the uprising. The Soviets had a habit of undermining eastern European countries through force and keeping them in the Iron Curtain which later led to popular distaste of their regime like in the Polish solidarity Movement. But you could argue that they even though they used brute force to install communism, they were in general, supporting their ideologies. Also whenever there was a communist uprising in any foreign country, they would almost always support it either politically, or by supplying arms and finance. They did this for ideological reasons usually because part of the Marxist theory is that communism is inevitable, so it was their duty to help a communist regime in trouble. They did exactly this by supporting the communist party in the Greek Civil War who were being violently oppressed by the other side (Irony) and there actually was a big social class division in Greece at the time and many people wanted communism as a solution so the soviets justly supported the movement even though it failed. They did this again in the Korean War, and the first Indo China War whose situations were pretty similar. But their greatest success was in the Chinese Civil War and when the Communists won, it drastically strengthened Soviet Russia’s Ideologies. Now let’s talk about USA. They stood for freedom and democracy and were really against the communist ideology. But throughout most of the cold war, it is impossible to depict USA as a good influence. The Marshal Plan although was one of the greatest actions USA had taken and they gave about 13 million dollars in aid to the war devastated countries in order to help them rebuild. Some might argue that they only did this to improve their trade business with these countries and to help form NATO in order to compete with the Soviets and this is partially true. Other things they did which showed they actually stood up for democracy was supporting the democratic revolutions in the Korean War, Polish Solidarity Movement, and the Velvet Revolution. They not only did they do this for freedom, but also to stop the authoritarian spread of Communism which they deemed highly undemocratic and even propagandized it as evil especially during the Berlin Airlift which is one of the most famous benevolent event that the USA orchestrated. But those were the only freedom fighting they took. Everything else they did was highly undemocratic. USA has a tendency to overthrow foreign government if they don’t please their interests. Their first major anti-freedom action was overthrowing the democratically elected government of Iran simply because the new leader decided to nationalize the oil for benefit of the Iranian People. Then they did the exact same thing in Guatemala because the interests of their fruit companies were in danger. All of these overthrows were done through US backed coups and the School of America played a key role in this, especially in Latin America. This Superpower has caused so much devastation in Latin America through that school that it was unbelievable. They would train agents in that school to do the most brutal actions necessary to â€Å"stop communism†. The US backed coups in Chile, Argentina, and Brazil, along with supporting the PRI in Mexico brought years of terror in those countries that still affect them today. All of this happened only because the elected leaders had some socialist tendencies and that was all the excuse USA needed. So much for freedom and democracy. They even illegally and secretly invaded Cuba (tried to) and Grenada and brought more horror to those places especially to Grenada whose economy was completely destroyed for a while. They used massive propaganda justify all their illegal actions especially in Vietnam which was their biggest mistake. Three million Vietnamese (mostly Civilians) died in this pointless war to stop the spread of Communism. They were so many opportunities to negotiate a peace treaty but this Superpower was too intent on dragging it on for twenty years. So many innocents were slaughtered especially during the Cambodian Genocide which was also caused by USA that lies about this war reached American citizens who then protested to stop the war, especially after the coverage of the My Lai Massacre where US soldiers killed over 300 innocent men, women, and children. The country was so anti-communist at one point that the freedom of expression of the people was destroyed during the McCarthy witch-hunt. Anyone who was associated with communism or had communist tendencies was unjustly prosecuted and this lasted for a whole six years from 1950 to 1956. It was of the greatest tragedies In US history because it greatly destroyed the image of freedom usually associated with the country. The feeling of cynicism towards both Superpowers was definitely justified because both had committed multiple atrocious acts during the cold war, but USA is still definitely in my opinion the greater of the two evils. Even thought the Soviet Union was brutally authoritarian in many cases, they still stayed true in general in their claims about supporting communism and never once did anything anti-communist. They supported multiple communist struggles across the world economically and militarily, some of these actions were morally justified and others weren’t. The USA on the other hand had overthrown so many democratically elected governments for the most unethical reasons ever that it is hard for me to associate freedom with USA. The Soviets at least kept true to their claims (brutal as they were) but the same cannot be said for the other Superpower. They did considerably a so many undemocratic and anti-freedom actions which massively deteriorated their claims in my opinion. They only positively influenced Europe but devastated the rest of the world especially Latin America who were pretty much set back a couple of decades thanks to USA’s actions. This country was involved in multiple illegal conflicts that opposed their claims and led to the senseless deaths of millions of people around the world and many more were negatively affected by these actions, especially economically. As much devastation both countries caused to the world, USA defiantly represented a greater evil in the cold war. By: Afzal Manzoor How to cite Cold War Ethical Reflection, Essay examples

Australian Current Policy on Renewable Energy †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Australian Current Policy on Renewable Energy. Answer: Introduction The renewable energy policy plays an increasingly pivotal role as Australia grapples with the appropriate strategy of climate change as well as increasing penetration in renewables. The renewable energy policy environment in the recent years has turned out to be highly politicized and uncertain. The industrial implications are also significant, and the current Australian policy on renewable energy has been taken through a period of rapid changes. Currently, there is increasing concern on reduction of various interventions by the government, sectoral efficiency and having least cost solutions incentivized since the review of the 2013 renewable energy policy (Buckman Diesendorf 2010, p.56). The priorities of government and the political parties as well as polarity in perspectives have been caused by significant policy uncertainty, policy responses and increased politicization of the climate change. The existing consensus, however, maintains that there are inefficiencies in the Austral ian renewables and the energy sector. The purpose of this paper is to carry out an examination of the key policy measures on renewable energy as well as their impact on the industry's future. The single largest sector contribution in Australia is realized from the electric power generation that produces 33% of the countrys greenhouse gas emissions (GHG emissions). From the year 2012 to 2013, fossil fuels approximately provide 87% of Australia's electricity compared to 13% realized from the renewable sources (Elliston, Diesendorf MacGill 2012, p. 89). As a result of reduced demand for electricity in the National Electricity Market (NEM) of Australia and variations in the generation mix, there has been approximately a 4% decrease in electric power emissions from 2012-2013 to 2013-2014. Generation of renewable energy is predominantly hydro though solar and wind has also been on the rise. Various environmental factors have mostly caused variation in the hydro generation while a slow-down in the deployment of the renewables has led to the increased production of the black coal generators. The successive Australian governments have been encouraged to transition away from the f ossil fuel based generation by increasing domestic and international concerns related to GHG emissions. The current Australian renewable energy policy The dramatic changes in renewable energy policy environment have been caused by a change of the Australias federal government. Uncertainty has characterized the policy environment with strategic priorities differing from one political party to the other and even within the ideologies of the same parties (Byrnes et al. 2013, p.123). On both sides of politics, political uncertainty over leadership at the federal level implies that a broader risk is a consequence of internal party priorities. The focus of the new renewable energy policy environment is on the reduction of costs of electricity, least cost energy production, ensuring the development of the extractive industries in Australia such as gas sector is enhanced and allocative efficiency is realized. The energy policy goals of the Australian government, as well as its political ideologies, have been set out in a new Energy White Paper (Byrnes et al. 2013, p. 101). The White Paper concentrates on the themes of the temporary Energy Green Paper like reduction of pressure on the energy expenses for businesses and households. It also looks into the improvement of international competitiveness, increased exports and removal of interventions which are considered inappropriate and bars business innovation and competition. The focus of the White Paper is on the themes of consumer cost reduction by increased competition, facilitation of resource development and innovation through investment and improved productivity in the use of energy (Yu Halog 2015, p.141). As a result of productive investment and market operation, the energy mix of Australia will grow in diversity over time. Cost reflective tariff pricing enhances reduction of network investment driven by the peak loads and related expenses as well as increased demand management. Uniform or regulated tariffs are predominantly used in Australia (Byrnes et al. 2013, p.146). Despite the associated benefits in the approach relating to reduced pressure on network investment and reduced cross-subsidies, it is apparent that there is limited recognition of the capacity for issues touching on equity. It is also arguable that the function of the non-monetary signals for the behavior of electricity demand for some of the users. The users of rural electricity benefiting from subsidized electricity resulting from the high cost of local supply are likely to face vulnerability to the policies of cost-reflective tariffs. Direct policy discussion related to renewable energy has been relatively minimal over an extended period. The focus of the policy is in large part on ensuring that a (reduced) target of renewables is kept and the Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) and Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) are abolished. The roles of these government agencies include facilitation of access to finance and commercialization of the technologies of renewable energy (Head et al. 2014, p.66). Despite emissions abatement being a priority, internalizing externalities of the environment which include emissions generated from the fossil fuels is not prioritized. Nevertheless, the low emission technologies have a policy support especially coal which undergoes carbon capture and storage. The policy environment set up by the government intends to be neutral technologically because given the insights into the needs of the market; the industry best makes decisions regarding investment on the assets which a re to be generated in the future including the technological choice. The view that price signals are diluted, competition shielded and energy markets distorted is reflected by the focus on the provision of subsidies and removal of regulatory barriers (Sims, Rogner Gregory 2003, p.134). The market regulations and interventions should not stifle competition and consumer choice but should instead highly encourage such aspects, and cost-benefit analysis is a primary requirement needed for such regulations. Definition of investment outcomes is driven by the inherent focus on the use of the competitive energy markets. The greater focus on the policy appears to be in the gas industry development, export of energy such as uranium, gas and coal and driving competitiveness. The table below shows the various changes to key policies which exist, impacting the occurrence of renewables since 2013 and the focus are on the examination of the policies' roles and implications (Council 2014, p.75). Table 1: Key policies on renewable energy and their status Policy instrument Does it exist? The comments Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) Yes The recent policy initiative of ERF is designed to encourage the abatement of least cost investment. Nevertheless, it is not likely to have direct support for the renewable sector. Carbon pricing scheme (Operative 2011-2014) No In 2014, the plan was repealed, and in the short term, the price of carbon is unlikely. ARENA Yes ARENA's future is uncertain. There is the commitment by the Federal government for its closure although the Senate has prevented this step. The government will honor the existing funding obligations if it is closed. CEFC Yes CEFC's future is also uncertain. The Federal government has shown its commitment to close it, but the Senate has prevented this initiative. The government will have to honor the financial obligations it is closed. Renewable Energy Target (RET) Yes The Renewable Energy Target in 2015 from 41,000-gigawatt hours by 2020 to 33,000-gigawatt hours in 2020. The biannual reviews were also targeted for removal. Electricity Tariffs Yes Although electricity tariffs vary significantly between Territories and States, FiTs still exist in Australia. The agenda includes the tariff reform. The Emissions Reduction Fund (ERF) The Federal governments key climate policy include ERF worth $AU 2.55 billion (Clarke, Fraser Waschik 2014, p.197). Its aim is the reduction of organization and households GHG emissions by use of positive incentives through an auction process that is considered silent. The government has imposed a maximum bid price that remains undisclosed, and any project will not be paid for if it goes above the set bid price. It is also committed to buying 80% of the emissions volume falling below the maximum bid price for every auction (Regulator 2015, p.176). The carbon credits are paid at the bid price if the process is successful at the auction. The selection of successful projects is solely based on the lowest bidder. This policy looks into directing strategies of reducing emissions to the least cost projects and favoring minimal incremental variations such as forestry and light replacement in industrial buildings over projects that are more capital intensive (Walsh, Russell-Smith Cowley 20 14, p.131). The core objective of this policy is to aid Australia in meeting its target of emission reduction of 5% below 2000 levels by the year 2020 through a scheme which ensures cheapest methods of emissions reduction thus increasing productivity and reducing costs (Byrnes Brown 2015, p.202). ERF covers a non-exhaustive list of projects including: Improvement of agricultural soils. Reduction of waste coal mine gas. Revegetation and reforestation. Capturing the landfill gas. Improvements in the efficiency of energy. Use of technological development to reduce electricity generator emissions. Since ERF is a new policy in Australia, it is not easy to carry out an assessment of the impact it has on the renewable sector. Nevertheless, it is unlikely to be favorable to the deployment of renewables given its focus and objectives on the efficiency of energy and the capture and storage of emissions (Byrnes Brown 2015, p.199). A significant support to the existing operations is provided by the scheme though it does little as far as support of new households and businesses without emissions track record to abate is concerned. Carbon pricing The previous labor government introduced the carbon pricing scheme to help in internalizing the costs of carbon for the primary polluters. The fact that carbon pricing was removed in 2014 after some negotiations is one of the major election scorecards for the current regime (Fahimnia et al. 2013, p.214). As a result, carbon price no longer exists in Australia unless the price is provided by the ERF. However, forming part of the scheme were other measures which include CEFC and ARENA, and they have not yet been removed. Some parts of Australian electorate have exhibited hostility to pricing carbon meaning that the absence of global agreement, political leadership, tax or a carbon trading scheme have largely contributed to such behaviors. The Australian Renewable Energy Agency (ARENA) The role of ARENA is fundamental to improve the increased supply of renewable energy and the competitiveness of renewables (Sioshansi 2011, p.104). It is technology impious and focused on the erosion of commercialization and technological barriers and sharing of knowledge. The senate has thwarted the attempts by the Australian government to close ARENA. The agency has continued to assess and fund projects despite its pending demise. At the time of its repeal, the government has committed honoring the funds which are allocated by ARENA. ARENA carries out an enabling function for initiatives and projects faced with commercialization and technical challenges that hinder market support (Simpson Clifton 2014, p.188). Its focus is more on commercialization of technology rather than the approaches which are utilized. Some projects especially in the remote communities are however faced with multifaceted and complex commercialization changes and may not easily match the remit of ARENA. The kind of risk that surrounds the future of ARENA is not conducive to the deployment of renewables. The project development is resource and time intensive. The incentive for resource and time allocation is most likely to lead to the reduction of particular uncertainty concerning the future of ARENA. The Clean Energy Finance Corporation (CEFC) The CEFC is a financier getting its funds from the government to aid in overcoming the funding challenges which are associated with the development of clean energy including technologies on low emissions and renewable energy. Its focus is on the provision of funds at a concessional rate for projects on clean energy with a positive rate of return. The concession highly relies on the benefits that do not emanate from within provided by the project and can be in the form of longer duration, reduced costs and higher rate of risk (Hua, Oliphant Hu 2016, p.45). The Senate has barred the commitment by the Australian government to ensure CEFC is closed. The reason for the closure of CEFC comes into sight to provide a reflection on the perception that the government is not to provide funds if the profile of the project risk is unacceptable to the private sector. The CEO of CEFC asserted that the willingness of private financier to take part in the Australian market had been reduced by the uncertain and complex policy environment (Martin Rice 2015, p.97). Therefore, the CEFCs role is critical due to this policy environment. The availability of finance is restricted by the tendency to focus on established businesses and the requirement for concessional market returns in an attempt to take charge of the profile of credit risk. The large projects with lower transaction costs have high capacity to attract finance from the CEFC specifically those that involve more established businesses. The organizations which are less established with limited acc ess to funding like smaller projects, small businesses or community groups may not be included (Hua, Oliphant Hu 2016, p.49). Lack of products standardization, high costs of transactions, perceived risks of investment, locational challenges, inability to acquire co-finance or complexity related to the alignment of stakeholders are some of the causes for their exclusion. The Renewable Energy Target (RET) The aim of RET is the reduction of GHG emissions from the generation of electricity through the provision of certificates for generation of renewable energy (Cludius, Forrest MacGill 2014, p.55). The large systems are given proper documentation based on the generated MWh while the small systems which are less than 100 kW are provided with upfront payments. The electricity retailers who are liable entities have to make purchases of a given number of certificates. This policy is significant as it has played a key function in the facilitation of the deployment of renewables and reduction of emissions in Australia. RET was reviewed in 2014 by the federal government (Panel 2014, p.133) signaling its intention to have the target reduced and it was concluded that: Given the availability of abatement alternatives for lower cost emission, the cost to the community of the RET has shot up. RET is funded via a cross-subsidy by the consumers, electricity retailers and incumbent generators. The impact of RET on the prices of electricity is small. Approximately $13 billion of the large-scale generation which is not required will be developed given the changes in the electricity environment. RET provides investment incentive in the production of renewable energy which is not essential in meeting demand and not viable without subsidy by RET. The Federal government is committed to enabling the reduction of RET and initially set targets of 26,000 GWh following the review of the RET. At the period RET of 41,000 GWh of generation of renewable energy by 2020 was being written was reduced to approximately 33,000 GWh in 2015 (Stock 2015, p.111). This is a clear reflection of the contractual amount between the two key players resulting from the protracted negotiations. Moreover, there has been considerable confusion surrounding the involvement of wood waste as a source of renewables and trade exemptions exposed in industries from the RET. RET has played a crucial role in the facilitation of the deployment of the renewables in Australia. If the reduced RET target is made efficient, it will assist in the reduction of uncertainty through the provision of a floor target which is not likely to go down in the near future (Martin Rice 2012, p.162). Significant reduction in the investment in the renewable energy especially for the large-scale systems has been caused by the uncertainty that surrounds the RET. Tariff policies and Feed in Tariffs (FiTs) The Territory and the State have the responsibility of implementing the tariff policies. The FiTs of the household have entirely gone down across all the States and Territories and are currently low. As a result of information asymmetry regarding the impacts of network and capacity of offsetting the wholesale price (Oliva, MacGill Passey 2014, p.152), there is uncertainty in the value of household PV that is under exportation to the grid. The regional DNSP in Western Australia came up with a scheme with FiTs to a tune of $0.50/kWh (Byrnes et al. 2016: 210) for the encouragement of the deployment particularly in the off-grid diesel networks although as a result of a range of non-monetary and monetary barriers, there has been limited success. The rationales behind reductions in FiT are twofold. First of all the household solar PV in the urban areas is relatively cost competitive. Secondly, the declining revenue and the cost of network adaptation covering similar asset base leads to an impact in distribution throughout the network specifically for those who do not have solar (Martin Rice 2013, p.71). The use of uniform tariff policies in Australia has significant impacts in distribution specifically in some regions where the cost of supply is estimated to be much higher than the rates of tariffs (Chapman, McLellan Tezuka 2016, p.124). Distribution businesses, retail, and governments need to take into consideration the tariff policy to show the changing nature of the electricity networks. Conclusion The renewable energy sector in Australia has faced a lot of uncertainty and several significant policy changes. The potential for utilization of renewable technologies and storage to optimize the operation of the network is significant as penetration of distributed generation increases. A good policy should proactively address the resultant opportunities and not respond reactively to the challenges that may arise where there is the use of inappropriate policy (McHenry 2009, p.164). As the technology matures over time, flexibility to adapt to the technological changes, payments in capacity and payments in lump sum of the operating subsidies for solutions that are innovative in some areas will become more significant. Primary barriers to deployment, enabling rules and regulations, firm support and institutional frameworks developed for the industry dealing with fossil fuel have been identified through analysis of the renewable energy policy environment and the economic theory. The just ification for intervention by the government to support the renewable energy sector and improvement of the general economic efficiency resulted from this context. The energy policy's central tenet appears to rely on the market mechanisms for competitive determination of supporting extractive industries in particular in the export markets and optimum generation mix. As a requirement for integration into the future energy mix, it implies that the market will efficiently develop innovative solutions and direct enough resources. References Buckman, G. and Diesendorf, M., 2010. Design limitations in Australian renewable electricity policies. Energy Policy, 38(7), pp.3365-3376. Byrnes, L. and Brown, C., 2015. Australias renewable energy policy: the case for intervention. Byrnes, L., Brown, C., Foster, J., and Wagner, L.D., 2013. Australian renewable energy policy: Barriers and challenges. Renewable Energy, 60, pp.711-721. Byrnes, L., Brown, C., Wagner, L., and Foster, J., 2016. Reviewing the viability of renewable energy in community electrification: The case of remote Western Australian communities. 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Developing renewable energy supply in Queensland, Australia: A study of the barriers, targets, policies, and actions. Renewable Energy, 44, pp.119-127. McHenry, M.P., 2009. Agricultural bio-char production, renewable energy generation and farm carbon sequestration in Western Australia: Certainty, uncertainty, and risk. Agriculture, Ecosystems Environment, 129(1), pp.1-7. Oliva, S., MacGill, I. and Passey, R., 2014. Estimating the net societal value of distributed household PV systems. Solar Energy, 100, pp.9-22. Panel, E., 2014. Renewable Energy Target Scheme: Report of the Expert Panel. edited by, D. Warburton (Chair). Commonwealth of Australia. Regulator, C.E., 2015. Emissions reduction fund: auction guidelines. Available at: cleanenergyregulator. gov. au, p.2. Simpson, G. and Clifton, J., 2014. Picking winners and policy uncertainty: Stakeholder perceptions of Australia's Renewable Energy Target. Renewable Energy, 67, pp.128-135. Sims, R.E., Rogner, H.H. and Gregory, K., 2003. Carbon emission and mitigation cost comparisons between fossil fuel, nuclear and renewable energy resources for electricity generation. Energy policy, 31(13), pp.1315-1326. Sioshansi, F.P. ed., 2011. Smart grid: integrating renewable, distributed and efficient energy. Academic Press. Stock, P., 2015. Authorship. (57) Walsh, D., Russell-Smith, J., and Cowley, R., 2014. Fire and carbon management in a diversified rangelands economy: research, policy and implementation challenges for northern Australia. The Rangeland Journal, 36(4), pp.313-322. Yu, M. and Halog, A., 2015. Solar photovoltaic development in Australiaa life cycle sustainability assessment study. Sustainability, 7(2), pp.1213-1247.